Physical presence

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A location signal claiming 'physical presence' may actually derive from a lower-confidence source (Wi-Fi, IP, declared) that has not been verified against a GPS dwell; treating all presence signals as equally reliable overstates confidence.

Detection

Location source/method field is absent or not GPS-derived while the segment is labeled physical presence.

Mitigation

Require a minimum GPS accuracy and dwell time before labeling a signal physical presence
Carry the location source/method as provenance through to reporting

Affected conversions

Point → H3 exact